A journalist in the field interviews a source. Despite the news laws coming into force which protect media freedoms, journalists have responsibilities as well

The government of Rwanda has vested considerable power in the media, concentrating on the responsibility of the media houses in matters concerning the nation and the public.

The Government decision to publish a new media law (No. 02/2013, of 08/02/2013) intends to ensure that the media is self regulatory, accountable and transparent in the information distributed/sold to the community through media people.

The Media law in place considering that the media can be constructive and destructive, if they so wish to, especially if the power of media is not regulated, monitored from within itself and from without.

Some examples can be sighted in the history of Rwanda, during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, where the media played a catalytic role in fueling enmity, hatred and incited killings among Rwandans, claiming lives of an estimated one million innocent lives.

In order to ensure that such never happens in Rwanda and to put this universal principle into reality and ensure a common ground and flow of information, the government of Rwanda published a new media law that will ensure that the media is self regulatory, accountable and transparent.

The law determines rights, obligations, organization and functioning of media in Rwanda for the general interest and calls for media to lead by example; ensuring accountability and transparency within their houses in their daily activities and obligations: to inform; to educate population and promote leisure activities; to defend the freedom of information, analyze and comment on information.

During this conference dubbed, “The Workshop on Leadership and Corporate good governance principles for media owners” which was convened in Kigali Rwanda on the 8th of May 2013, the sector’s leaders were exhorted to ensure that their services to be accountable and the public and transparent in order for the sector to grow sustainably.

Trust, Corporate Good Governance and accountability within the media sector were equally emphasized as necessary pillars for founding a strong media sector.

While there is still a heated debate on media freedom and access to information in Rwanda, the new law states that the freedom of the media and freedom to receive information are recognized and respected by the State. Such freedom shall be applicable in accordance with the law.

And while the new law provides for the Rwandan media to establish an organ set up by journalists themselves whose responsibility is to ensure compliance with the principles governing media and to defend the general interest; some media practitioners also believe the sector can be self regulatory and the government should step aside.

To this effect, the Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) has come up with a strategic plan to train and equip media with skills, driven by the call to professionalism and accountability. Under this prospectus, the RGB has conducted several training for media.

However some loopholes have been identified by journalists themselves. Most of them believe that the lack of capacity, training and competence in the profession is still a major setback that needs to be fully addressed.

In article 2.9 a professional journalist is defined a person who possesses basic journalism skills and who exercises journalism as his/her first profession. But some media personalities want this section revisited or to the least clarified to the satisfaction of the men and women in this trade. However, the Media High Council (MHC), former media regulatory organ of the government, reiterated that the law was meant for the good of the development of the media.

“Defining a journalist as someone who is not necessarily a graduate of a media school, was done with an intention of opening up the sector to smart brains and talent that could bring creativity and innovation, it was never a way of underrating the journalism profession and opening it up to confusion and chaos,” scored Mugisha Emmanuel the acting Executive Secretary of the MHC.

Some non active journalists believe that this problem can be addressed by having a profound investment (both public and private) in the media sector, just like other sectors in Rwanda.

“The media in Rwanda has potential and it can become profession but we have not had the opportunity of big investors coming on board just like in other sectors in the country” one Fred Olouch says.

During a radio talk show dubbed ‘Capital Talk’, in February 2013, some journalists said that the level of investment in the media sector has not been sufficient and in most cases journalist and media personalities have not had access to tangible business operations, an aspect that affects their daily operations and sustainability.

Despite the various debates on the new media law, most of Rwanda’s media owners , managers and practitioners agree that there is need to embrace the pillars of Transparency, Corporate good governance, Trust and Accountability for a better media sector.

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Rwanda Governance Board CEO, Prof Anastase Shyaka presenting a cheaque to one of the journalists at recent media award event

The new law on access to information has lifted Rwandans morale as it comes with regulated means of communication and gives more room for exchange of information among journalists, government and Rwandans.

The law indeed grants independence and total freedom of expression. The first to fourth articles of the law provides:  definition of rights, responsibilities, nature and function of media in Rwanda – all aimed at the general interest of the population.

“The law will bridge the gap between journalists and the population. Before the new law was put in place, media belonged to the state which created a gap between the people and the journalists” says Remy Ufitinema, a journalist at Rwanda Television.

The Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), under the auspices of which the media sector operates, says the new law explains the functions of the former ORINFOR, now changed into the Rwanda Broadcasting Agency (RBA).

And on the World Press Freedom Day on May 3, MINALOC’s James Musoni said the Rwandan government is committed to “the development of a media environment that is sensitive to the country’s past, responsive to the present and that keeps the whole society accountable as it works to deliver a better future for all Rwandans.”

Benefits to journalists

Unlike the previous media law under which the country’s Media High Council (MHC) reserved the rights to issue work permits to individual journalists and media houses, the new media law shifts that responsibility to the journalists’ self-regulation committee.

And that pleases a number of local journalists who say they are better placed to know about the identity, experience and ethics of their colleagues and therefore know who to give or deny a work permit.

“You can’t get your doubt and curiosity quashed about a given journalist unless you know where he/she works or his/her way of working”, said Alphonse Muhire, a news editor at the local Radio Isango Star.

Nevertheless, foreign journalists or Rwandan journalists working for an international media house/corporation will still get their work permits from a government institution with the right to do so, the new media law stipulates.

Mugabe Robert is the owner of the local Great Lakes Voice newspaper.

“The state is the one that knows better about such foreign journalists whose agenda you can’t know! So there is no problem whatsoever about that,” he says.

Article 4 talks about media regulation, and even gives journalists the right to self-regulation about how they work and their day-to-day professional behaviour.

The journalits’ self-regulation committee will be voted by journalists themselves whenever they want to and, to date, 13 journalists have been voted on a provisional basis to define rules of work and prepare for the vote for the self-regulation committee.

The current media law was published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda in March 2013.

The Access to Information Act and self-regulation are key components of the new media law. Some working journalists believe that the former (Access to Information Act) is going to put an end, among others, to appointment requests from some office assistants for journalists to meet their bosses – a very disturbing scenario for a journalist working not only in the public’s interest but also under a tight deadline and pressure from the editor − while they hope that the latter (self-regulation) will enable them, among others, to sort out their professional errors internally.

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“…We want to empower our people to communicate, to have information and knowledge”, said President Kagame, by then alluding to real time information and social media outlets. As Rwanda recently joined the rest of the world to celebrate the World Press Freedom Day on May 3, President Kagame’s words while in an interview with Aljazeera’s Khan seemed much more engaging, this time even reaching the mainstream media.

Kagame himself, the cabinet of Ministers, Senators, Members of Parliament, Judiciary, security personnel and you can name all the government organs; no one of any mentioned above act as a threat to this commonly known as THE FOUTH ESTATE  (Media).

It is mostly amazing to hear from International media doing what one would call an abuse to power of information and misleading people through the business of words’ manipulation.

It looks like this is too biased and partisanship to Rwanda but if you are a reader, observer, and you are not a sophist, you may ask yourself many questions before concluding to whatever accusations you hear.

When the World Press Freedom Day was being celebrated on May 3 this year, Reporters without Borders (RWB) had released a customary, controversial report showing how different countries treat journalists the world over. In the report, Rwanda was ranked in the 161^st position among 179 countries surveyed. In a couple of articles in the local online publications, it was clear that the situation is not that bad as RWB portrays it. Apparently, it’s rather the opposite! Local journalists (Rwandans) were, that day, jubilant; expressing their views on how the access to information act is going to put an end, among others, to “appointment requests from some office assistants for journalists to meet their bosses” – a very disturbing scenario for a journalist working not only in the public’s interest but also under a tight deadline and pressure from the editor.

They (journalists) were also saying how the self-regulation law will enable them, among others, to sort out their professional errors among themselves.

Self-regulation and access to information laws, pretty good stuff really, don’t you think so? We may not ramble on that.

Former US President Thomas Jefferson, the primary author of the American Declaration of Independence, once expressed his strong support to the function of journalism through a letter to one of his friends, in 1787: “…were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government”, the letter read in part, “I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter”.

This may simply mean conceptually, that everyone needs information. It is necessary for good governance, for social development and political stability. This is mostly misinterpreted by some individuals as “the government is weaker than newsmen” while the perception may depend on a person, the truth remains that Thomas Jefferson intended to communicate the importance of the information and communication in any society.

In fact Rwanda is, after the heinous role media outlets such as the private (but government-supported) station RTLM (Radio-Télévision Libre des Mille Collines) and Kangura newspaper played in fuelling the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, moving forward and committed to supporting “the development of a media environment that is sensitive to the country’s past, responsive to the present and that keeps the whole society accountable as it works to deliver a better future for all Rwandans”.

That’s how Rwanda has been passing and amending media laws to provide for an independent, conducive media environment, most recently, making yet another milestone to pass the self-regulation law and the Access to Information Act.

According to an article posted on the official Rwandan government website on May 3, “There is now no requirement for journalists to hold particular academic qualifications, paving the way for a broader definition of who is a journalist and allowing freelancers to enjoy the same rights as employed journalists” (http://www.gov.rw/STATEMENT-BY-THE-MINISTER-OF-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT-HON-JAMES-MUSONI-ON-THE-WORLD-PRESS-FREEDOM-DAY-3-MAY-2013).

Journalism is both an art and a profession and as such being a journalist involves some level of talent, creativity and enthusiasm – that’s on one end of the spectrum. And then on the other end, journalism as a profession has to follow some rules and codes of ethics.

Just do some Google search on bylines from some of the world’s leading media corporations like The New York Times, BBC and Aljazeera TV. Chances are that you will find a great deal of names with no academic qualifications in journalism and that they’ve learnt their craft both through experience and on-job training over the years. Some of them have actually earned their first degrees in a wide range of study pathways like philosophy, economics and law.

It is not my intention, however, to nullify the current Rwandan government’s efforts when it decided, back in 1996, to open up the first School of Journalism and Communications at the National University of Rwanda.

The politics of propaganda and rumors had ignited the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and there was need, and there is still, for training a new generation of people who can understand journalism and communications both in a scholarly and practical viewpoint. But with regard to the new media laws, these university-trained journalists should not be the only ones to practice journalism. And that’s very much of a wise decision because the nature of this profession, history has proven, makes it possible to learn it even through experience and on-job training.

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Muhanga District intellectuals, a Southern Province of Rwanda calls on the government to take note of some websites disbursing information that could mislead the public.

They added that modern technology sweeping in the country is affecting a lot the Rwandan culture because of the many different websites that are found on the internet and have contributed to the increase of social immoralities.

Many argued that it is affecting a lot the unity that has been prevailing in the country because of the many people that use it to abuse or create enmity amongst Rwandans.

“Some of the websites on the internet affect youths mainly with their pornographic pictures which has contributed a lot to a now damaged society”, said one Shema from Muhanga district.

He added on saying that the internet could also destabilize the security in the country especially if people communicate with anti- government people via the internet giving an example of the ongoing grenades planted in the country.

Other intellectuals in the district said that there are so many other online media companies that give out intimidating information to Rwandans, yet the government may not know such companies to close them down, hence a need to look in to such.

However other people defended it saying that it has improved very much on their working condition since they sometimes just have to sit home and be able to carry out their work, thus an improvement in their general ways of lives of the Rwandan people.

With both the bad and good effects of the internet therefore, people called on the government to control use of the internet by closing down some of the website that might affect the community, yet not so helpful to the people.

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Minster James Musoni who holds the media docket

As the world celebrates the 2013 World Press Freedom Day, journalists in Rwanda remain optimistic about the future of their profession following the new reforms brought about by the government.

Recently, promulgated media related laws include the Media law and Access to Information law.

These two laws show Rwanda’s resolve to promote independence of the media and access to information as essential components of good governance and preconditions for durable economic, social and political development.

According to the Minister of Minister of Local Government, also responsible for media environment James Musoni, the government has continued to promote freedom and independence of the press and delivering on its pledge to promote accountability and foster public participation and engagement.

Main elements of the new media law include the recognition of self regulation whereby article 4 provides for a Media Self Regulatory body that will regulate the conduct of journalists and establish professional standards. Article 15 empowers the same entity to deal with violation of journalists’ rights.

The new law also recognizes the legal right of journalists to collect information; respect for the confidentiality of journalistic sources; to call on any resourceful person to provide information.

It also lifts some restrictions such as prohibitions on the use of unlawful methods to obtain or to disseminate information, neglecting essential information and distorting ideas contained in the information or a text.

To protect the rights of individuals, the law also recognizes the rights of reply, rectification and correction.

There is now no requirement for journalists to hold particular academic qualifications, paving the way for a broader definition of who is a journalist and allowing freelancers to enjoy the same rights as employed journalists.

The system of sanctions for the media has been liberalized, including the repeal of “suspension” and “closure of a publication” as penalties.

Minister Musoni emphasizes that government’s commitment to support the development of a free, dynamic and responsible press.

During the media day celebrations in Kigali, contrary to what the so called international media bodies portray of Rwanda, the journalists in attendance freely expressed their views about the current situation in Rwanda.

Up on the agenda for discussion on this day, was Rwanda’s media reforms as a benchmark for consolidating press freedoms.

According to Robert Mugabe a Rwandan journalist, the new reforms are something that the media fraternity should be happy about, but also called for clear ministerial orders for the law such as the access to information to be useful to journalist.

“There are several articles in this law which would be rendered useless if they don’t have ministerial orders. The law doesn’t explain what harmful information is, which means that there is need for a ministerial order to define it,” he said.

Mugabe also articulated the issue of the Rwandan public being media shy due to the lack awareness and called for ways on educating the public in Rwanda so they can understand that the media is not an enemy.

Journalists also discussed issues of sustainability for the media in Rwanda to be able to generate income for them. They say that their trade has not reached the extent to which it can sustain them.

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The warning came after it was realized that some radio stations aired music during the mourning week instead of programmes related to the genocide commemoration observed nationally from 7^th April to 14^th April.

“Some radio stations went on holiday when the genocide mourning week started, completely leaving only music to air. This is against the agreement we had with media houses,” observed Gaspard Gasasira, the CNLG spokes person.

Without singling out any errant radio station, Gaspard added that they plan to meet media owners to review their programming during the just concluded mourning week. Over a million people were killed during the 100-day mayhem.

Speaking to the media, Cleopas Bararore, from the media regulatory organ, also commented on the issue raised against the media.

“I can’t tell the real cause for airing music instead of genocide commemoration programes. But if they had other reasons, we need to know why,” he said.

However, CNLG was able to recognise the remarkable role played by media houses in covering genocide commemoration related activities across the country.

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Marenga, ubusanzwe yitwa Minani Celestin, akaba atuye i Kansi ho mu Karere ka Gisagara. Ni umwe mu b’ambasaderi ba Radiyo y’abaturage y’i Huye, akaba akunda guhamagara mu biganiro binyuranye by’iyi radiyo. Kumenyekanisha ibikorwa by’i Kansi byatumye ubuyobozi bw’Akarere bumuhemba igare.
Marenga uyu avuga ko impamvu Akarere ka Gisagara kamuhaye igare ari ukubera ko atanga amakuru meza y’i Kansi, akaba kandi atuma ibikorwa byaho bimenyekana.
Yagize ati “twe ab’ambasaderi turi nk’abafashamyumvire b’aho dutuye. Dutangaza ibibera iwacu. Nk’ubu mperutse kuvuga ko abadafite amarangamuntu bazafotorwa. Ibyo ari byo byose hashobora kuba hari abamenye ko iki gikorwa kizaba kubera njyewe.”
Iri gare rero ngo asigaye aryifashisha mu kugera mu bice bitandukanye by’Umurenge wa Kansi atuyemo, bityo akabasha no kurushaho kumenya amakuru na we atangaza.
Akazi ko kuba ambasaderi, uretse kuba karamuhesheje igihembo, ubundi agakora agakunze cyane. Impamvu ngo ni uko amakuru atanga ndetse n’ayo bagenzi be bo mu tundi Turere batanga kuri radiyo y’abaturage, uretse kuba atuma ibikorwa by’aho batuye bimenyekana, na bo ubwabo baramenyekana.
Kuba ambasaderi kandi ngo bituma abasha kumenyekanisha ibikorwa bye atarishye amafaranga yo kwamamaza. Yagize ati “Mperutse kweza karoti, hanyuma mbivuga kuri radiyo. Abaguzi bahise baza ari benshi, nuko nzigurisha uko zakabaye mu gihe gitoya.”
Yunzemo agira ati “Nk’ubu mfite imyumbati yeze, kandi ndi hafi kuyikura. Umunsi nayikuye sinzayiburira isoko kandi ndi ambasaderi wa RC Huye.”

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Hari abantu bakunda guhamagara ku madiyo atandukanye, mu biganiro binyuranye, rimwe bavuga uko baramutse mu gace batuyemo, cyangwa banasuhuza. Aba bantu bahamagara kenshi ku buryo n’abanyamakuru bakunda gukorana baba babazi, aba ni bo bakunze kwitwa b’ ambasaderi b’amaradiyo.
Abambasaderi bagera kuri 62 bakorana na Radiyo y’abaturage y’i Huye (RC Huye), kuwa 29 Werurwe, 2013 bahuriye i Huye, maze bakora inama. Impamvu y’iyi nama ngo kwari ukugira ngo bamenyane, kandi yarangiye biyemeje no gukora koperative bahuriyeho.
Perezida w’iri huriro, Minani Celestin uzwi ku izina rya Marenga, akaba ari uwo mu Karere ka Gisagara, yagize ati “nk’abantu dukunze guhamagara kuri radiyo y’abaturage yacu RC Huye, twahuye kugira ngo tumenyane. Twaje no gukora itsinda rizavamo koperative. Twanagennye ikizajya kijya mu gaseke kacu, kugira ngo tuzajye duhura igihe cyose.”
Hari abajya bibwira ko kuba ba abambasaderi bakunda guhamagara ku maradiyo hari amafaranga aya maradiyo abagenera, nyamara ngo si ko bimeze kuko bakora ku mufuka wabo bagura amakarita yo guhamagara. Aha rero umuntu yakwibaza inyungu babikuramo. Inyungu rusange ni uko ngo bibahesha ishema, bakanabasha kumenyekanisha aho batuye.
Uwitwa Nyandwi Venuste yagize ati “ mbere abantu benshi bari banzi nka Nyandwi, ariko ubu nzwi nk’umuntu utangaza amakuru muri Gisakura, ugasanga n’umuyobozi w’Akagari arayangezaho ati ‘dutangarize ikingiki n’abaturage bacyumve’, ugasanga ndateza imbere akagari kacu n’umudugudu wacu. Nanjye ni ishema mfite mu baturage, ry’uko ntangaza amakuru neza.”
Uwitwa Munyaneza wo ku Iviro ho mu Karere ka Nyaruguru na we ngo kuba ambasaderi bimuhesha ishema. Yagize ati “iyo nciye ahantu bakavuga ngo dore Ambasaderi Munyaneza ku iviro numva bimpasheje ishema mu bandi. Bituma nanumva ko mpagarariye bagenzi banjye kuri RC Huye yacu.”
Uwitwa Chantal we ngo ashimishwa no gufasha abanyamakuru ba RC Huye mu kazi kabo. Yagize ati “guhera kuri gahunda ya saa kumi n’imwe za mu gitondo, mpamagara umunyamakuru mubwira ko mukurikiye kugira ngo adacika intege mu kazi ke; kugeza muri mwaramutse mute tuvuga uko bwakeye mu kagari dutuyemo, ndetse no mu ntashyo nshuhuza bagenzi banjye, …”
Baca umugani mu Kinyarwanda ngo ntawushimwa na bose. Abambasaderi bagira ababaca intege, bavuga ko bapfusha amafaranga ubusa. Ngo hari n’abababwira ko ntacyo bamaze, ko bigize inshyomotsi. Frederic wo ku Iviro ariko avuga ko bitababuza gukomeza akazi k’ubukorerabushake biyemeje.

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Abaturage barisanzuye babaza ibibazo batanga n’ibitekerezonaho abayobozi bakabasubiza

Mu rwego rwo gukora ibiganiro hagati y’abayobozi n’abaturage kuruhare rwa buri wese mu iterambere n’imiyoborere myiza, kuwa gatatu tariki 26 Werurwe 2013, ihuriro ry abanyamakuru Pax Press ryasuye abaturage n’abayobozi bo mu murenge wa Gatumba ho mu karere ka Ngororero, maze baganira kubibazo bitandukanye.

Nkuko byagaragaye muri icyo kiganiro, abaturage bo muri uwo murenge babangamiwe cyane na sosiyete icukura amabuye y’agaciro mumurenge wabo yitwa GMC (Gatumba Mining Concession), kuko ibibangamiye abaturage byavuzwe cyane birebena no kwangirizwa imitungo n’ubucukuzi bw’iyo sosiyete kandi ngo ikaba itabishyura ibyangiritse cyangwa ngo ibahe ingurane y’ubutaka bwabo.

Abaturage bagaragaje ko badahabwa umwanya mwifatwa ry’ibyemezo bibagiraho ingaruka ahubwo bakabona byabagezeho. Abo baturage kandi ntibavuga rumwe n’ubuyobozi bw’umurenge wa Gatumba kukamaro sosiyete ya GMC ibafitiye kuko bavuga ko ibarenganya gusa kandi ibyo bikanavugwa na bamwe mubakozi bayo bavuga ko birukanwa ndetse

bakanakatwa amafaranga bakoreye ntampamvu.

Twizeyimana Albert Bodoin wari uyoboye abo banyamakuru bagera kuri 20 akaba yaradutangarije ko intego yabo ari uguhuza abaturage n’abayobozi babo ndetse n’abandi bafatanya mubikorwa bitandukanye, kugira ngo bashime ibigenda maze bagaye ibitagenda kandi babikosore, bityo bikaba bizatuma abafite ibibazo i Gatumba babikemura.

Ubuyobozi bw’umurenge wa Gatumba bwo bukaba buvuga ko bugerageza kumvikanisha abaturage n’abo bafitanye ibibazo murwego rwo kubikemura neza, ariko bagashinjwa n’abaturage kubogamira kuruhande rwa GMC. Umuyobozi w’akagari ka Cyome kabereyemo icyo kiganiro avuga ko yatumiye ubuyobozi bwa GMC ngo buze kuganira n’abaturage ariko bukanga

kwitabira, ndetse ibyo abaturage bakavuga ko GMC ibikora kenshi.

Pax press ikaba igizwe n’abanyamakuru 40 bo mubitangazamakuru bitandukanye harimo amaradiyo 12, ibinyamakuru byandika 8 n’ibinyamakuru bikorera kumurongo wa interineti 5.

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Ibi bikaba byagarutsweho ubwo abayobozi batandukanye muri Musanze, abanyamakuru ndetse n’abandi bafite aho bahurira n’itangazamakuru muri aka karere basobanurirwaga impinduka zitandukanye ziri mu itangazamakuru kuri uyu wa gatatu tariki 27/03/2013.

Ignacius Kabagambe, umuyobozi mukuru mu kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe imiyoborere ufite itangazamakuru mu nshingano ze, yavuze ko havuguruwe itegeko ry’itangazamakuru ndetse n’irigenga inama nkuru y’itangazamakuru ndetse hanatorwa itegeko rishya ry’uburenganzira ku kubona amakuru.

Yagize ati: “Biba byiza ko amategeko agomba kumenyekana abo areba bakayamenya, cyane cyane hagamijwe ko buri muturarwanda wese ayamenye. Ni ivugurura rigamije kugirango itangazamakuru rigire uruhare ruruse urwo ryari rifite mu iterambere ry’igihugu”.

Aya mategeko yose ngo yashyizweho umukono na perezida wa repubulika, ndetse aza no gusohoka mu igazeti ya leta yo ku itariki 11/03/2013, bivuze ko yatangiye gukurikizwa, ndetse uwayarengaho agakurikiranwa n’ubutabera.

Museminari Marcel, ufite uburambe mu mwuga w’itangazamakuru, yavuze ko itangazamakuru rifite ubushobozi bwo kuzana iterambere mu gihugu, gusa ngo rigomba kuba ari itangazamakuru rifite intego,kandi rifite imbaraga rihagije.

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